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Sports

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Sports-Student Encyclopedia (11 years old or older)

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Britanica Wabeite An article of the Britanica Encyclopedia for elementary, junior high and high school students.

Sport s-Encyclopedia for children (8-11 years old)
Sports-Student Encyclopedia (11 years old or older)

author Joseph Anthony Magwire

Professor of the UK Rahs Bowl Sports Sociology. Global Sports: Author of Identity, Society, Civilization, etc. .

Joseph-Anthony-Maguia, David Charles Row

Australia, Charahan, Newcastle University Media and Cultural Research Associate Professor. He has authored "Sports, Culture, Media": The Untamed Trinity.

David Charles Ro w-All Fact check Britanica Encyclopedia Editorial Department

The editor of the Britanica encyclopedia supervises a wide range of knowledge, including the experience of many years involved in the content and studying to get a high degree of degree. They write new content and verify and edit the content received from the contributor.

Britanica Encyclopedia Editorial Department Last update: September 3, 202 4-Article history table of contents Key person: Al Michael's Bad Serig Vin Skly Mukesh Anmakesh Anmakesh Frank Giford (further displayed) Related topic

Winter Sports Winter Sports Winter Sports

Sports, it is a physical competition pursued for goals and challenges. Sports are part of all cultures in the past and now, but each culture has its own definition. The most useful definition is to clarify the relationship between sports, play, games, and competitions. "German theorist Karl Deam wrote," Play is an unlicensed activity and is the opposite of work, "he wrote. People work because they have to work. Play because you want to play. Play is automatic. Spontaneous and has no compromise. Unpleasant children who are forced to play soccer by parents and teachers are not really sporting. And if their motivation is only salary, they are not professional athletes. In the real world, as a matter of fact, motivation is often mixed and cannot be judged. However, a clear definition is a prerequisite for practically determining what is a game and what is not an example of a game.

How is the Olympic event selected? Even tu g-o f-war was once respected as an Olympic competition. (See more)

There are at least two types of games. One is spontaneous and unlimited. There are many examples. The child picks up a flat stone and picks up the pond. Adults laugh and notice that they have made a careless word. Both actions are not planned, at least relatively free. The second type of play is regulated. There is a rule that determines which act is legal and which act is legal. These rules can be defined as a game that turns natural occurring play into a game, so it is a rule or regulated play. Leavor, chess, "Playing House", basketball are all games, some have simple rules, while others are controlled by some complicated rules. In fact, there are hundreds of games like basketball.

As a game, chess and basketball are clearly different from jumping and playing. The first two games are competitive, but the other two are not. You can win the basketball game, but it doesn't make sense to ask who won in the jump box. In other words, chess and basketball are competitions.

The last distinction is to divide the contest into two types. It requires at least a minimum physical ability and not. The shuffle board is a good example of the former. Examples of the latter include scrapping and monopoly in board games. Of course, you need to understand that even simple sports, such as weight, require a minimum mental effort, but also requires considerable mental vigilance like baseball. It should also be understood that sports, which have the most human passion of humanity, as a participant and as an audience, needed much more physical stamina than shuffle board games. Beyond the times, the heroes of sports have demonstrated amazing strength, speed, endurance, stamina, and dexterity.

Britanica Quiz Sports quiz

Click here to see the ful l-scale sports table. Based on this definition, a simple inverted tre e-shaped diagram can be drawn. Despite the clear definition, there are difficult problems. Is mountain climbing a sport? If you understand the competition between the climbers and the mountains, or the competitions that compete for the first climb will compete. Is the Indianapolis 500 driver really an athlete? If you think you need at least some physical abilities to win the competition, they are an athletes. A clear definition point is that you can give more or less satisfactory answers to such questions. You can't understand sports unless you start with some understanding of what sports are.

As a < Span> game, chess and basketball are clearly different from jumping and playing. The first two games are competitive, but the other two are not. You can win the basketball game, but it doesn't make sense to ask who won in the jump box. In other words, chess and basketball are competitions.

Britanica Quiz

Sports quiz Click here to see the ful l-scale sports table. Based on this definition, a simple inverted tre e-shaped diagram can be drawn. Despite the clear definition, there are difficult problems. Is mountain climbing a sport? If you understand the competition between the climbers and the mountains, or the competitions that compete for the first climb will compete. Is the Indianapolis 500 driver really an athlete? If you think you need at least some physical abilities to win the competition, they are an athletes. A clear definition point is that you can give more or less satisfactory answers to such questions. You can't understand sports unless you start with some understanding of what sports are.

As a historical game, chess and basketball are clearly different from jumping and playing. The first two games are competitive, but the other two are not. You can win the basketball game, but it doesn't make sense to ask who won in the jump box. In other words, chess and basketball are competitions.

Britanica Quiz

Sports quiz

history

No one knows when the sports started. I can't imagine the time when children did not spontaneous race or sumo wrestling, so it is certain that children have always incorporated sports in play, but the appearance of sports is the sel f-contained body of adults. It can only be thought of as a competition. Hunting people are drawn in the art of the history of the history, but I don't know if the hunting people were pursuing their prey with severe desperate thoughts, or if they were full of joy like athletes. However, it is certain that hunting will eventually aim for rights and courtesy, from the abundant literature and painting evidence of all ancient civilizations. The archeological evidence shows that the ball games were common among various ancient ethnic groups, such as China and Aztec. If the ball game is not a no n-competitive ritual performance like a Japanese soccer Kemari, but a competition, it is the most strictly defined sport. It is clear from evidence of the Greece Roman era that the ball games cannot be simply determined.

African traditional sports

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It is unlikely that the 7t h-century Islamic conquest of North Africa has fundamentally changed traditional sports in the region. As long as the war was fighting with bow and arrows, the bow and arrow competition continued to work as a state of ready. The prophet, Muhammad, has permitted horse racing competitions in particular, and not only horses but also camels have been raced under geographical conditions. The huntsters also enjoyed riding a horse.

Among the many plays in the North Africa, Ta Cult Om El Mahag ("Pilgrim's Mother's Ball") is a competition using a Berbert bat and ball, which is very similar to baseball. There is. The wider Cooler was similar to soccer. < SPAN> No one knows when sports have begun. I can't imagine the time when children did not spontaneous race or sumo wrestling, so it is certain that children have always incorporated sports in play, but the appearance of sports is the sel f-contained body of adults. It can only be thought of as a competition. Hunting people are drawn in the art of the history of the history, but I don't know if the hunting people were pursuing their prey with severe desperate thoughts, or if they were full of joy like athletes. However, it is certain that hunting will eventually aim for rights and courtesy, from the abundant literature and painting evidence of all ancient civilizations. The archeological evidence shows that the ball games were common among various ancient ethnic groups, such as China and Aztec. If the ball game is not a no n-competitive ritual performance like a Japanese soccer Kemari, but a competition, it is the most strictly defined sport. It is clear from evidence of the Greece Roman era that the ball games cannot be simply determined.

African traditional sports

Unlimited access

Please try Britanica Premium for free.

It is unlikely that the 7t h-century Islamic conquest of North Africa has fundamentally changed traditional sports in the region. As long as the war was fighting with bow and arrows, the bow and arrow competition continued to work as a state of ready. The prophet, Muhammad, has permitted horse racing competitions in particular, and not only horses but also camels have been raced under geographical conditions. The huntsters also enjoyed riding a horse.

Among the many plays in the North Africa, Ta Cult Om El Mahag ("Pilgrim's Mother's Ball") is a competition using a Berbert bat and ball, which is very similar to baseball. There is. The wider Cooler was similar to soccer. No one knows when the sports started. I can't imagine the time when children did not spontaneous race or sumo wrestling, so it is certain that children have always incorporated sports in play, but the appearance of sports is the sel f-contained body of adults. It can only be thought of as a competition. Hunting people are drawn in the art of the history of the history, but I don't know if the hunting people were pursuing their prey with severe desperate thoughts, or if they were full of joy like athletes. However, it is certain that hunting will eventually aim for rights and courtesy, from the abundant literature and painting evidence of all ancient civilizations. The archeological evidence shows that the ball games were common among various ancient ethnic groups, such as China and Aztec. If the ball game is not a no n-competitive ritual performance like a Japanese soccer Kemari, but a competition, it is the most strictly defined sport. It is clear from evidence of the Greece Roman era that the ball games cannot be simply determined.

African traditional sports

Unlimited access

Please try Britanica Premium for free.

It is unlikely that the 7t h-century Islamic conquest of North Africa has fundamentally changed traditional sports in the region. As long as the war was fighting with bow and arrows, the bow and arrow competition continued to work as a state of ready. The prophet, Muhammad, has permitted horse racing competitions in particular, and not only horses but also camels have been raced under geographical conditions. The huntsters also enjoyed riding a horse.

The cultural diversity of black Africans was much greater than that of the Arab peoples of the northern radiation. Ball games were rare, but wrestling was ubiquitous. Wrestling's forms and functions differed from tribe to tribe. For the Nuba of South Sudan, ritual wrestling, which elaborately trained and elaborately decorated the male body, was a major source of status and prestige for men. The Tutsis and Hutus of Rwanda were among the peoples who held female-female competitions. Among various peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, wrestling matches were a way of celebrating and symbolically encouraging human fertility and the fertility of the earth. In southern Nigeria, for example, the Igbo people participated in wrestling matches every eight days for three months during the rainy season. The fierce matches were believed to bring the gods a good harvest of corn and a plentiful harvest of tam. Among the Diora of Gambia, teenage boys and girls fought (not against each other) in an apparently privileged ritual. The male champion married the female champion. In other tribes, such as the Yala of Nigeria, the Fon of Benin, and the Njabi of the Congo, boys and girls fought each other. Among the Kore, the bride and groom were relatives.

Competitions for runners and jumpers were held all over the continent. In the age of imperialism, explorers and colonialists often marveled at the abilities of these "primitive" peoples. The Nandi of the Rift Valley of Kenya seemed to cover distances effortlessly at paces that would have forced European runners to make uncompromising physical exhaustion. Tutsi high jumpers in Rwanda and Burundi would have soared to incredible heights if they had been photographed in flight by members of the Adolph Friedrich zu Mecklenburg Anthropological Expedition in the early 20th century.

Long before European conquest introduced modern sports and marginalized indigenous customs, conversion to Islam tended to undermine, if not completely eliminate, the religious function of African sports, although elements of Christian and pre-Islamic magical cults persisted until independence. Zulu footballers rely on the services of inyanga ("witches") as well as coaches and trainers.

Traditional Sports in Asia

As part of highly evolved cultures, traditional sports in Asia are ancient and diverse. Competition was never simple. From the Islamic Middle East across the Indian subcontinent to China and Japan, wrestlers, most of whom were men, embodied and embodied the values of their respective cultures. The wrestler's strength was always more than a mere personal assertion. Often the men who struggled and fought understood that they were participating in a religious endeavor. Prayers, incantations, and purification rituals were important aspects of hand-to-hand combat for Islamic wrestlers for centuries. It was not uncommon to combine the skills of a wrestler with those of a mystic poet. In fact, the famous 14th-century Persian palanquin (ceremonial wrestler) Mahmud U'arezmi had both.

The place of sport in a religious context is exemplified by the spectacle of 50 strong Turks fighting in Constantinople in 1582 to celebrate the circumcision of Murad III's son. When Indian wrestlers enter the akhāra (gymnasium), they vow to pursue a holy life. Devout Hindus, they chant mantras while bending their knees and doing push-ups. In their fight against "pollution," they strictly control their diet, sexual habits, breathing, and even urination and defecation.

In Turkey and Iran's "Power House" (weigh t-raising and gymnastics were performed), the religious aspects were rarely regarded in the 20th century, but the elders who are responsible for Japanese sumo wrestling are sumo wrestling. In order to emphasize the claim that it is a unique expression of Japanese tradition, many Shinto elements have been added to the rituals of their sports. It can be slightly distinguished from sumo wrestling and martial arts with various forms of unarmed hands and hands classified as martial arts. The latter is more military than religious, organic, and expressive. Chinese martial arts ("military technique"), which contained armed battles and unwarming battles, especially in the 3rd century BC. The unarmed technique was very prized in Chinese culture and had a major impact on South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian martial arts. In the West, the tradition of Varma Adi ("poke the key points") and other South Asian martial arts is not well known. In the early modern era, as Asian martial arts began to focus on religion as the unarmed battle was abolished. This change is often seen in sports words. Japanese swordsmanship became kendo.

Among the armed (in contrast to unarmed) martial arts, bow art was one of the most important in Asian warriors, from Arabian to the Korean Peninsula. In particular, Japanese samurai practiced many formal bow techniques, and the most gorgeous among them was the Yabusame, probably, the athlete pulled the bow and released an arrow, about 720 to 885 feet (220). ～。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 The distance is 235-295 feet (71. 5 to 90 meters). In Yabusame, accuracy was the highest priority.

In Turkey, where the composite (tree + horn) was a large power, the shooter competed for the flight distance. In Istanbul's Okmeidanu ("Yaba"), the Serim III arrows of 2, 900 feet (884 meters) in 1798 and recorded a record. < SPAN> Turkey and Iran's "Power House" (weigh t-raising and gymnastics were performed), but the religious aspects were rarely regarded in the 20th century, but elders who are in charge of Japanese sumo wrestling. In order to emphasize the claim that sumo is a unique expression of Japanese tradition, many Shinto elements have been added to the rituals of their own sports. It can be slightly distinguished from sumo wrestling and martial arts with various forms of unarmed hands and hands classified as martial arts. The latter is more military than religious, organic, and expressive. Chinese martial arts ("military technique"), which contained armed battles and unwarming battles, especially in the 3rd century BC. The unarmed technique was very prized in Chinese culture and had a major impact on South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian martial arts. In the West, the tradition of Varma Adi ("poke the key points") and other South Asian martial arts is not well known. In the early modern era, as Asian martial arts began to focus on religion as the unarmed battle was abolished. This change is often seen in sports words. Japanese swordsmanship became kendo.

Among the armed (in contrast to unarmed) martial arts, bow art was one of the most important in Asian warriors, from Arabian to the Korean Peninsula. In particular, Japanese samurai practiced many formal bow techniques, and the most gorgeous among them was the Yabusame, probably, the athlete pulled the bow and released an arrow, about 720 to 885 feet (220). ~ 270 meters) shoots a straight road. The distance is 235-295 feet (71. 5 to 90 meters). In Yabusame, accuracy was the highest priority.

In Turkey, where the composite (tree + horn) was a large power, the shooter competed for the flight distance. In Istanbul's Okmeidanu ("Yaba"), the Serim III arrows of 2, 900 feet (884 meters) in 1798 and recorded a record. In Turkey and Iran's "Power House" (weigh t-raising and gymnastics were performed), the religious aspects were rarely regarded in the 20th century, but the elders who are responsible for Japanese sumo wrestling are sumo wrestling. In order to emphasize the claim that it is a unique expression of Japanese tradition, many Shinto elements have been added to the rituals of their sports. It can be slightly arbitrarily distinguished between sumo wrestling and martial arts with various forms of unarmed hands and hands classified as martial arts. The latter is more military than religious, organic, and expressive. Chinese martial arts ("military technique"), which contained armed battles and unwarming battles, especially in the 3rd century BC. The unarmed technique was very prized in Chinese culture and had a major impact on South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian martial arts. In the West, the tradition of Varma Adi ("poke the key points") and other South Asian martial arts is not well known. In the early modern era, as Asian martial arts began to focus on religion as the unarmed battle was abolished. This change is often seen in sports words. Japanese swordsmanship became kendo.

As seen in Mugal Art in the 16th and 17th centuries, Indian aristocrats, like aristocrats throughout Asia, used bow and arrows for hunting and bow art. The huntsters who rode showed off their horse riding and bow art. Prior to the Asian aristocrat's passion for horses, before that, it could go back to Hittite, developing not only horse racing (universal in Asia), but also polo and the same equestrian competition. These equestrian competitions may be the most distinctive contributions of Asia in modern sports repertoers.

Perhaps Polo developed from a harsh games played by Afghanistan and Central Asian nomads. In the Afghanistan Bosukashi, which survived until the 21st century, a dusty battle was unfolded over a goat carcass with hundreds of tribes. The winner was Hardy Rider, who grabbed the goat's feet and pulled away from the flock. Polo acted as a substitute because Bosukashi was obviously a passion for civilized monarchs. The 6th century Persian manuscript states that Polo was taking place in the reign of Holms I (271-273). The play was drawn in fine-pigling and praised by Persian poet, such as Feldwee (around 935-1020) and ḥfeẓ (1325/26-1389/90). By 627, Polo spread to the Indian subcontinent, passed on to China, and became an enthusiastic boom among wealthy people to own horses. (All 16 emperor of the Tang Dynasty [618-907] were Polo players). Like many sports, most of the Polo athletes were male, but the 12th century Persian poet Nehamy praised Sea Rean's skill. Furthermore, if many terracotta evidence could be trusted as evidence, Polo was also played by Chinese aristocrats.

There was also a ball play for ordinary men and women. Ball games that use carefully sewn skin stuffed skin, animal bladder, pumpkin, wood pieces, and rolled ston e-like things are common. All kinds of ball toys were very popular among Chinese. The description of a ball play similar to a modern football (soccer) has already appeared in the East Han period (25-220). A game similar to modern badminton was also played in the first century. Finally, the Mingyo (1368-1644) scroll "Violet Wooden" is led by women who play Chui One, a game similar to modern golf.

Sports in the Ancient Mediterranean World

Egypt

Sports were certainly common in Ancient Egypt, where pharaohs demonstrated their ruling abilities through displays of hunting prowess, strength, and archery. However, pharaohs such as Amenhotep II (ruled 1426-1400 BC) never competed with others in such exhibitions, and there is reason to suspect that their extraordinary feats were fictitious. But Egyptians who made no claim to divinity fought, jumped, played ball games, and trolled poles. A painting discovered in Beni Hassan, a tomb from the Middle Kingdom (c. 1938-1630 BC), shows 406 pairs of wrestlers performing their skills.

Crete and Greece Minoan writing continues to confuse scholars, so it is unclear whether the paintings of Cretan boys and girls attempting acrobatic feats with bulls depict sports, religious rituals, or both. That the Cretan feats may have been both athletic and ritualistic is suggested by evidence from Greece, where sports had more cultural significance than anywhere else before the rise of modern sports. The funeral games for the dead Patroclus in Book 23 of Homer's Iliad have a mixture of secular and religious motives. On the other hand, the games in the Odyssey are essentially secular: Odysseus is challenged by the Phaeacians to prove his prowess as an athlete. In general, Greek culture included both cult sports, such as the Olympic Games in honor of Zeus, and secular contests.

The most famous sports and religions are undoubtedly the Olympics in Greek in Greek to 776 BC. As time passed, Gaia, the goddess of the earth, which was worshiped in Olympia, was replaced by Zeus in the sky. The sacred competition was also held in Delph (respecting Apollon), Corin and Nemea. The great athletes, such as Tassus Theragnes, were proud of the victory in all four stadiums. Most of the competitions competed in Greek's holy competitions are still known today, but the most important competition was tank competitions. The extraordinary prestige given to the victory of athletic competition is not only a literary praise (like a pink poem) and visual memory (like a winner statue), but also amateur spread by 19t h-century philosopher In contrast to a myth, it also brought material profits. Greeks were enthusiastic not only in sacred competitions but also in secular sports, so as the word Gimnos shows, naked male players do not have a gymnasium or city nation where there are no gymnasiums. It was thought to be not suitable as a community. Except for militaristic Spartas, Greek women rarely participate in sports. It was also excluded from the Olympics.

Rome

As in the Greek era, in the Roman era and the visentine era, tank competitions were one of the most popular sports and spectacles, but Romans in the Republican era and early Imperial Economics preferred Greek athletic competitions considerably. 。 Romans who emphasized physical movements for military preparation, which were important motivations in all ancient culture, prefer boxing, wrestling, and throwing rather than running or throwing. Historian Livi stated that Greek players appeared in Rome in 186 BC. However, the competitor's nakedness shocked Roman moralists. In 27 BC, Emperor Augustus created an Actius competition to celebrate Antony and Cleopatra, and his successors began a similar competition, but the late Roman Empire, especially Emperor Hadrian (117 BC. For the first time in the 138th era, many of the elites began to be enthusiastic about the Greece athletics. < SPAN> The most famous sport and religion's religion is undoubtedly the Olympics in Greek, which dates back to 776 BC. As time passed, Gaia, the goddess of the earth, which was worshiped in Olympia, was replaced by Zeus in the sky. The sacred competition was also held in Delph (respecting Apollon), Corin and Nemea. The great athletes, such as Tassus Theragnes, were proud of the victory in all four stadiums. Most of the competitions competed in Greek's holy competitions are still known today, but the most important competition was tank competitions. The extraordinary prestige given to the victory of athletic competition is not only a literary praise (like a pink poem) and visual memory (like a winner statue), but also amateur spread by 19t h-century philosopher In contrast to a myth, it also brought material profits. Greeks were enthusiastic not only in sacred competitions but also in secular sports, so as the word Gimnos shows, naked male players do not have a gymnasium or city nation where there are no gymnasiums. It was thought to be not suitable as a community. Except for militaristic Spartas, Greek women rarely participate in sports. It was also excluded from the Olympics.

Rome

As in the Greek era, in the Roman era and the visentine era, tank competitions were one of the most popular sports and spectacles, but Romans in the Republican era and early Imperial Economics preferred Greek athletic competitions considerably. 。 Romans who emphasized physical movements for military preparation, which were important motivations in all ancient culture, prefer boxing, wrestling, and throwing rather than running or throwing. Historian Livi stated that Greek players appeared in Rome in 186 BC. However, the competitors shocked the Roman moralist. In 27 BC, Emperor Augustus created an Actius competition to celebrate Antony and Cleopatra, and his successors began a similar competition, but the late Roman Empire, especially Emperor Hadrian (117 BC. For the first time in the 138th era, many of the elites began to be enthusiastic about the Greece athletics. The most famous sports and religions are undoubtedly the Olympics in Greek in Greek to 776 BC. As time passed, Gaia, the goddess of the earth, which was worshiped in Olympia, was replaced by Zeus in the sky. The sacred competition was also held in Delph (respecting Apollon), Corin and Nemea. The great athletes, such as Tassus Theragnes, were proud of the victory in all four stadiums. Most of the competitions competed in Greek's holy competitions are still known today, but the most important competition was tank competitions. The extraordinary prestige given to the victory of athletic competition is not only a literary praise (like a pink poem) and visual memory (like a winner statue), but also amateur spread by 19t h-century philosopher In contrast to a myth, it also brought material profits. Greeks were enthusiastic not only in sacred competitions but also in secular sports, so as the word Gimnos shows, naked male players do not have a gymnasium or city nation where there are no gymnasiums. It was thought to be not suitable as a community. Except for militaristic Spartas, Greek women rarely participate in sports. It was also excluded from the Olympics.

Rome

のラグータハウウウではないではではララッセル・ク・・メメカカカををんんでいののかかのののの (See you)

More people poured into the Rome Circus Maximus to participate in a chariot competition. The audiences of these competitions are as many as 250, 000, which is five times that of the number of audiences who have poured into the Roman Arena to enjoy the fighting viewers. However, evidence shows that the latter is more popular than the former. In fact, VenationEs, who fights with people and the beast, is even more popular in Greek's Oriental Empire. Historians once believed that the Oriental Empire was immune to blood. Some frequent reasons for the rolling cars are that the cost of the chariot competition is relatively low compared with the huge cost of the corner. The main organizers of the horns are usually rented from Lanista (manager of Lanista, the manager of the corner group). If the loser was executed under the signs of the thumb, he must be compensated to him. Although these battles are cruel, many gown fighters are free people who voluntarily participate in the war, which is obviously a manifestation of internal motivation. In fact, the participation of the noble class requires the court law to stop. During Nero (54-68), the heroine was introduced to the arena.

サーサのーマスとビザンティのののははは, キリストの protests (burden of ととななロなによって剣闘によって剣闘が廃が廃されたもももおそらくおそらくには戦レレレレしし続けていたいししし続けていロ. Duoyu の戦戦戦戦戦レレレレめてめてめてめてだっただった. 僚僚的的にににされたされた (たとえばブブブブグググググググググかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておかれておのののファのののしししししした. Modern のス手ーが player が "スタッツ" ををするようにするようにするようにするようにするようにするようにヘニヘニヘニししししたした. し剣闘ゲし, ムはーそれ, それのギギのののゲゲ様様様様様様様をををいいいた. Era 264, 前ーマでめてははいはわれた戦はわれた戦われた戦われた戦われた戦われた戦われた戦われた戦われた戦はののの人のににを発しているるしてるしてるしてるしてるしてを発してるを発している. さささに above にににのののそ拝がキ拝がキ拝がキをを terror を. 337 にコンスにコン年スがキリストににしたししももももももももももはははにもわたってししした.

Sports in the Middle Ages

Sports in Medieval Europe were less organized than in classical antiquity. Fairs and seasonal festivals were venues where men would lift stones or grain sacks and women would compete in smock races (smocks, not smocks). The favorite sport of the peasants was folk football, a wild game played between married men and single men, or village and village. The violence of the game, which survived in England and France until the late 19th century, prompted Renaissance humanists such as Sir Thomas Eliot to denounce it as more likely to injure than benefit its participants.

The bourgeoisie, which grew rapidly during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, enjoyed archery matches. When towns competed against towns in a contest of skill, groups of crossbowmen and longbowmen paraded behind symbols of St. George, St. Sebastian, and other patrons of the sport. Running, jumping, hugging, wrestling, and other contests were often held for the lower classes who attended the games as spectators. Great feasts were held, and drunken people were often involved in the revelry. In the German regions, the Pritzenkoenig had to keep order and entertain the crowd with skillful poetry.

Knightly joust A pair of knights jousting at the same time.

Learn about the history of medieval jousting Revival of medieval jousting (more)

Elim Rim - Journalist, creative writer

Last modified 07.10.2024

Jesus become an atheist for 3 days and 3 nights when God left Him on the cross. Since Jesus shares what atheists feel, how come atheists don't care for Jesus? Welcome to our exciting new program of tours to Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, and the U.A.E. These ancient lands, the cradles. Unlike the items in Neil MacGregor's bestselling. A History of the World in Objects, our small cabinet's curious objects cannot be found in a single.

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